08. THE ENGLISH PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM II CONSONANTS

08. THE ENGLISH PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM II CONSONANTS	INDEX and RESOURCES
		The first page is the index and the introduction. The speech mechanism of how human produce sounds (physical description, articulators, resonators, vocal folds, larynx, etc.) Number of vowels and consonats in RP English (IPA). Differences with the Spanish phonological system (recordar, creo que es otro). Phonemic transcirption, broad and narrow transcription. Phonemes and sound. Allophonic variations (dialectal, phonetic context in connected speech). Training the listening and pronunciatoin skills of the students. Minimal pairs. Copy in Tema 7: The Vowels The speech mechanism of how human produce sounds (physical description, articulators, resonators, vocal folds, larynx, the airflow, etc.) Copy in Tema 7: The Vowels When two phonemes only differ in its voiced or voiceless nature, they are called "cognates": /p-b/, /t-d/, etc. 1. The vocal folds are open and do not produced any sound (voiceless phonemes). The voiceless phonemes require more muscular effort (FORTIS). Try with /p/-/b/. The shortening of a vowel located before a final voiceless sound is known as pre-fortis clipping. 2. The vocal folds are nearly together and as the airflow touches them, makes them vibrate and produces sound (voiced phonemes). These voiced and partially devoiced phonemes require less muscular effort (LENIS). Bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, post-alveolar, palatal, velar,glottal, labio-velar. No in RP: uvular, pharyngeal, retroflex. The sounds produced within the same place of articulation are called "homorganic". Consonants are continuants if their sounds can be prolonged without interruption, allowing the airflow to pass continuously from the mouth. These include fricatives (/f/, /v/, /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /h/), nasals (/m/, /n/, /ŋ/), liquids (/l/, /r/), and glides (/w/, /j/). In contrast, stops (like /p/, /t/, /k/, /b/, /d/, /g/) are non-continuants because the airflow is completely blocked for a short period. Examples of Continuant Consonants Fricatives: The air is forced through a narrow channel, creating a continuous hissing or buzzing sound. /f/ (as in fish) /v/ (as in van) /s/ (as in sit) /z/ (as in zip) /ʃ/ (as in ship) Nasals: Air is blocked in the mouth and escapes through the nasal cavity. /m/ (as in man) /n/ (as in nose) Liquids: The tongue is positioned to allow air to flow around the sides or over the center of the tongue. /l/ (as in leg) /r/ (as in rat) Glides or semivowels: These are vowel-like sounds produced with relatively free airflow. /w/ (as in wet) /j/ (as in yes) 1. A complete closure of the airstream. Plosives -or stops- and nasals. Plosives (obstruents): public /ˈpʌb.lɪk/, teddy /ˈted.i/, kangaroo/ˌkæŋ.ɡərˈuː/ Nasals (always voiced=sonorants): mum /mʌm/, nun /nʌn/, morning /ˈmɔː.nɪŋ/. 2. A close narrowing of the articulators. Fricatives (also called continuants, because the airflow produces a durable friction; obstruents): fever /ˈfiː.vər/, the mother /ðə/ /ˈmʌð.ər/; the thunder /ðə/ /ˈθʌn.dər/, size /saɪz/, she /ʃiː/, vision /ˈvɪʒ.ən/, who /huː/ 3. A partial closure. Lateral (sometimes called lateral approximant (sonorant). 4. An intermittent closure (taps and trills). No in RP English. 5. An open approximation of the articulators: Approximants (sonorants; there is no block of the airstream but a free escaping of the airflow that causes no noise):[ j] and [w] and [r]. 6. Double articulation. A complete closure followed by a fricative release. Combined articulation of two types of constrictions. Affricates (obstruents): [ʧ] and [ʤ]. Choclolate /ˈtʃɒk.lət/, lodge /lɒdʒ/ (COMPROBAR; aclara bien lo de la doble articulación y la secondary atrticulation y hacer bien la clasificación). Sometimes it is possible to produce sounds with a double articulation, which involves two simultaneous constrictions at two different places of the oral cavity. Into this group we must differentitate DOUBLE ARTICULATION and SECONDARY ARTICULATION. DOUBLE ARTICULATION: The two constrictions have to be of equal rank: they have to have the same degree of approximation or manner of articulation. This is the case of the labio-velar approximant [w]. Both are "open approximation" (at the lips and velum) SECONDARY ARTICULATION: When the consonant is followed by certain vowels, the articulator opens to approximate to the manner of the vowel. So we can find phenomenons as labialization or vealarization, as explained below. Pulmonic consonants are produced using air from the lungs, as is the case for all English sounds, while non-pulmonic consonants use alternative airstream mechanisms involving the glottis or mouth to create sounds without exhaling air from the lungs. Non-pulmonic consonants are categorized as clicks, implosives, and ejectives, differing in their specific articulations and the direction of the air. Pulmonic Consonants Airflow: Air is pushed outwards from the lungs. Prevalence: They are the most common type of consonants and are used in virtually all languages, including English. Production: Air moves outward from the lungs and is then shaped as it passes through the vocal tract. Non-Pulmonic Consonants These sounds do not use the lungs to generate the air pressure required for their production. Clicks: Airflow: Uses velaric (tongue-based) ingressive airflow, meaning air is sucked into the mouth and down the throat. Production: A closure is made by the tongue, then released to create a suction sound. Implosives: Airflow: Uses glottalic (voice box-based) ingressive airflow, where air is drawn into the mouth while the glottis moves downward. Production: Air is pulled inward from the glottis to create the sound. Ejectives: Airflow: Uses glottalic (voice box-based) egressive airflow, similar to pulmonic sounds in its outward direction but using a different mechanism. Production: Air is compressed in the glottis and then released along with the consonant. An obstruent consonant is produced with a blockage of the airflow in the oral cavity that causes noise. A sonorant is a vowel or a consonant produced with a free escaping of the airflow in the oral cavity that causes NO noise. Como de Aspiration involves a partial devoicing of vowels, that is, the loss of a complete voicing in vowels, a delay in the vocal fold vibration for the production of a vowel after the release of /p t k/ To devoice is to pronounce a sound that is usually voiced, in a way that is not voiced. It is produced: a) When a voiced obstruent sound (voiced plosives: /b, d, g/; voiced fricatives: /v, ð, z, ʒ/ and the voiced affricate /ʤ/) is located before or after a pause or in contact with a voiceless sound in a word or in connected speech. Then, in narrow phonetic transcirption they are written: /b̊ d̊ g̊ ʤ̊ v̊ ð° z̊ ʒ̊ / b) When approximants (/w, j, r/ ) or lateral (/l/) are preceded by [p], [t] or [k] at the beginning of a stressed syllable. They are written /ẘ, j̊, r̊, l̊/ (see IPA) When "devoicing" occurs at the end of a word, the phenomenon of PRE-FORTIS CLIPPING allows to differentiate the meaning: /kɒt/-/kɒd/; /sæk/-/sæg̊/. The shortening of a vowel located before a final voiceless sound (fortis), as opposed to vowels preceding voiced sounds (lenis). When [p], [t] or [k] at the beginning of a stressed syllable is preceded by [s]. ASPIRATION: pay /pʰeɪ/; DEVOICING: pray /pr̊eɪ/; NOR ASPIRATION NOR DEVOICING: space /speɪs/ Clear or light 'l' occurs before a vowel sound (vowels and [j]) at the start of a word or syllable, while dark 'l' occurs at the end of a word or syllable, before a consonant (except [j]), or after a vowel, or before a pause. The primary difference is that for clear 'l', the tongue tip is at the alveolar ridge, and the back of the tongue is low, whereas for dark 'l', the tongue tip is still in place, but the back of the tongue raises towards the soft palate, creating a "darker," more resonant sound. When a consonant is followed by a rounded vowel: ʊ,u:,ɒ, ɔ: The result is: tʷʊ:, tʷu:, tʷɒ:,tʷɔ:. Affects to vowels next to nasal consonants.The vowel is pronounced with teh velum lowered, as in nasal sounds: /mʌ̃m/ Glottalization before /p,t,k,ʧ/. (RP) H-dropping Rhoticity Smoothing (triphtongs) T-glottaling (RP) T-ellision (neutralization of t,d) /t/ and /d/ tapping (GA) Como destacan bla, bla, bla. Como destacan bla, bla, bla.